A group of musicians play at the Fiddlers Convention on Oct. 7, 2022. If its true that the two dialects have slightly different linguistic sources as their origins, how did they come to be so similar? Upscuddle (Southern Appalachian) a. ", about to; e.g., "They're fixin' to get hitched. Better avoid that Language has an important place in the folklore of Appalachia and has evolved to become something quite different from its original linguistic sources. ", Bridget Anderson, "Appalachian English in the Urban North.". In-depth analysis. It's time for this month's Appalachian Vocabulary Test. d. To turn . What kind of accent does Kentucky have? Many have noticed strong similarities between white southern speech and AAVE, although AAVE isnt necessarily tied to the south. See: Shelby Lee Adams, "Of Kentucky," New York Times (Sunday Review), November 13, 2011, p. 9. We hold major institutions accountable and expose wrongdoing. Get the latest from the Daily Yonder directly in your inbox, twice each week. To be sure, not all Appalachians within a cognomen stay in an area. The systematic study of linguistic boundaries in the United States was established by Hans Kurath. Certain German-derived words such as smearcase (cottage cheese), however, are present in the North Midland dialect but absent in the Appalachian dialect. not built correctly, crooked, out of balance. I left the class still discussing the dialect and culture of the Appalachian region. Do you have the history of the Scots/Irish linguistic patterns? Some pronunciation features reminiscent of those in lowland Scotland and Ulster can also be heard, such as the pin-pen merger and goose fronting, the Scotch-Irish and English settlers had a strong influence on the Appalachian dialect,[8] linguistic analyses suggest that Appalachian English developed as a distinctive dialect among English-speaking people in North America. [1] This variety is both influential upon and influenced by the Southern U.S. regional dialect, which has become predominant in central and southern Appalachia today, while a Western Pennsylvania regional dialect has become predominant in northern Appalachia,[2] according to the 2006 Atlas of North American English (ANAE). People in Appalachia have one of the most unique dialects in America. The -self/-selves forms are used almost exclusively as emphatics, and then often in non-standard forms (e.g., "the preacher hisself"). After running a tracker during the first transfer portal window, we're back again to do Eric Bledsoe's season came to an abrupt and wild end today in China. Parts neighborhood (It is good to see you back in these parts.) 2. Others go even further and claim that the dialect of the Appalachian people is the oldest living English dialect, older than the speech of Shakespeare, closer to the speech of Chaucer, apparently preserved by a brutally impoverished rural existence in the isolation of their mountain fastness, with little contact from the modern civilizing ways of outsiders. The Ballad of Fair Margaret and Sweet William. The pen-pin merger is characterized as having no distinction in the vowel sounds in the words pen and pin. [104] Furthermore, many of Hans Kurath's initial ideas about linguistic boundaries are under discussion in the modern-day. 2 (January 1969), pp. Among the dis-tinctive elements of the dialect are the use of double nega-tives, as in Appalachian dialect. "Went" is often used instead of "gone" as the past participle of the verb "to go. Appalachian English is American English native to the Appalachian mountain region of the Eastern United States. Immigration is blamed for many of the countrys ills, yet Appalachian culture and language are strongly intertwined with immigration. Change direction in the mountains and you change dialect. Your car is smeared and dirty. I speak the mountain dialect of the central coalfields of West Virginia: Hi, How are Yall? The question becomes, which came first, the educational disadvantage as a result of poverty or the dialect. Earlier Louisville men's basketball wasn't very good this past season, but El Ellis sure was. Scholarship posits that the geographic location and subsequent isolation of the Ozark Mountains allowed . b. Queer (totally unrelated to sexuality), strange, odd (as in, "He's shore a quare 'un"). The leveled was is also a key feature of Appalachian usage. 219-225, American Speech, Vol. Nevertheless, its speakers hold fiercely to their own language despite the social repercussions, maintaining it even in after moving outside the region, to show identity, cultural pride, and belonging. A better kind of quiz site: no pop-ups, no registration requirements, just high-quality quizzes But thanks to this great quiz, in just a few minutes you will find out! linguister, according to some native Appalachians? Want to get your very own quizzes and posts featured on BuzzFeeds homepage and app? The Linguistic Atlas of New England was the earliest, complete linguistic atlas of a broad region. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. Outsiders are often confused by the use of the word yall, meaning the second person plural of you. The Appalachian Mountains had been reduced to an almost flat plain by the end of the Mesozoic Era. But in some ways, the folksiness, the romanticized hearkening back to the past, holds the region back from telling a more nuanced story about itself, where it came from, and where it might be going. In its relation to south of the Midland, it has several terms in common with its North Midland counterpart, including poke (paper bag), hull (to shell), and blinds (shutters). I hear so many people, including my mountain girl self, say isnt this way. May 18, 2017. how appalachian are you quiz Home; Cameras; Sports; Accessories; Contact Us Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. [17] The Appalachian dialect retains a number of speech patterns found in Colonial American English but largely discarded in Standard speech, such as "r" intrusion (e.g., "warsh" for "wash") and a "y" sound in place of "a" on the end of certain words (e.g., "okry" for "okra"). most contributed to those cities being named the most (or least) similar to you. The Roots of Appalachian English: Scotch-Irish or British Southern? These fuzzy lines should provide rough ideas of boundaries, rather than hard lines, because there is a lot of dialectic variety within these small areas that is often difficult to differentiate. These maps show your most distinctive answer for each of these cities. While early settlers adopted numerous customs[which?] [41], Some nouns are spoken in pairs, the first noun describing the seemingly redundant second noun, as in "hound dog", "Cadillac car", "widow woman", "toad frog", "biscuit bread", or "rifle gun". Do you have an Appalachian Dialect? back-cuss: To curse in reply to someone else's cursing . Appalachian Vocabulary Test 100. The eminent Shakespearean scholar, John Barton, has suggested that Shakespeare's accent would have sounded to modern ears like a cross between a contemporary Irish, Yorkshire and West Country accent - and cites the present-day speech of the Appalachian Mountains as the most suitable . A verb like reckon (as in, I reckon itll take five minutes) is regularly used in Australian and British English vernacular, yet the exact same usage in Appalachian English is stigmatized as backwards hillbilly talk. 5, No. [30] This prefix is pronounced as a schwa []. 2023 West Virginia University. [47], Being part of the greater Southern United States, the dialect shares many of the same terms of the South. For example, "They almost made it to the top of the mountain" is allowed but not "They liketa made it to the top of the mountain." What is another wordthat would also likely describe the shed? Mostly Southern Appalachia, which blends a mix of modern english, southern english, olde english, what some consider vernacular english/poor people english. Linguists refer to the southern mountain dialect as the folk speech of Appalachia. Talking Appalachian is a wonderful collection, challenging readers to learn about the many histories that have shaped Appalachian dialectical diversity and to gain tools to counter the linguistic chauvinism that has used Appalachian dialect as a stand-in for other powerful forms of social and economic marginalization, akin to the ways speakers . In their journal article, This here town: evidence for the development of the English determiner system from a vernacular demonstrative construction in York English, Laura Rupp and Sali A. Tagliamonte state in the footnotes: The envisaged historical origin of the construction is supported by the fact that Appalachian English, spoken in the Appalachian Mountains in the east of the United States, is a conservative variety due to the geographic isolation of the area. Dennis Johnson still looks every bit like the 6-foot-5 defensive end that terrorized SEC and NFL offensive lines for years. A multi-lingual background. Cheer chair ( Pull up a cheer and set a spell.) 1. That smells like kyarn. It doesnt quite sound like it, though it is a unique kind of speech. Your friend tells you your car is looking Many qualities come prepackaged with the hillbilly stereotype: poverty, backwardness and low levels of education. Unlike the deep South, pronounce your "r" Categorizing all of these different variants under one umbrella may actually further complicate the process of studying the variants of Appalachian speech. To ignore their contributions to culture and language means Appalachia will always be a distant story, burdened by the myths and legends written by others, left half told. Which Character whould you be in Star Wars Universe. What are you avoiding? For example, Wolfram highlights language from a KKK pamphlet which reads Look out liberals: Wallace power gonna get you showing a similar grammatical construction to AAVE with a missing copula be (e.g. 4. [9], Along with these pejorative associations, there has been much debate as to whether Appalachian English constitutes a dialect separate from the American Southern regional dialect, as it shares many core components with it. [93] In many older works of literature set in southern England, rural or poor characters demonstrate many of these speech habits. distance (e.g., "He'd have went up the road a piece to get on the main road"). 1997. Far fire (The mountain is on far.) What is GotoQuiz? To walk quickly. The three smaller maps show which answer Appalachian historian Ronald Eller wrote that we know Appalachia exists because we need it to define what we are not. Hominy is corn kernels soaked and cooked in lye to remove it from its kernel. "A little birdie told me. Maps are essential in locating and describing where people live in our country. Its important to note that the region is about more than just the Scottish and Irish immigrants who lent their language to the land. Hard hired (He was the hard hand on the farm.) The multi-part series "In the Mountains" delves into the history of the area surrounding Lees-McRae College. gee-haw whimmy-diddle yesterday. good deal of (e.g., "a right smart piece" for "a long way"). Basic Korean sentences - google translated (w, Functional Phrases - Korean to Espaol via Go, Albert Valdman, Cathy Pons, Mary Ellen Scullen, Bill VanPatten, Stacey Weber-Feve, Wynne Wong. Your neighbor tells you that the new shed he built is [10], Research suggests that the Appalachian dialect is one of the most distinctive and divergent dialects within the United States. Additionally, the accent's drawling or twangy intonation may add to the challenge. One popular theory is that the dialect is a preserved remnant of 16th-century (or "Elizabethan") English in isolation,[5][6] though a far more accurate comparison would be to 18th-century (or "colonial") English. [57], Examples of archaic phrases include the use of might could for might be able to, the use of "'un" with pronouns and adjectives (e.g., young'un), the use of "done" as a helping verb (e.g., we done finished it), and the use of words such as airish, brickle, swan, and bottom land all of which were common in Southern and Central England in 17th and 18th centuries. Contrary to the myth that Appalachia is an isolated region, research by the West Virginia Dialect Project has found that the quotative "be like" was widely adopted by speakers born after 1960.And as with numerous changes to language variation patterns, women led the way in adopting this speech pattern in West Virginia.But in contrast to the leveled "was"which has elevated rates . to be truant (e.g., to "lay out of school" or "lay out of work"). [107], In addition to the linguistic boundary debates, Appalachian English is surrounded by stereotypical views of the area and the people living in it. I took a slow and southerly journey through the Appalachian mountains this summer, hoping to hear the strains of some lost southern speech emerging from hill to hollow along its twisted roads. Archaic Pronunciation, When Harriet Beecher Stowe and George Eliot Were Penpals, How to Look at Art and Understand What You See, How Government Helped Create the Traditional Family, Chess, Unlike War, is a Game of Perfect Information, How Ren Magritte Became the Grudging Father of Pop Art, Musicians Fought the Law, and the Law WonSometimes, Working Against the Clock: Time Colonialism and Lakota Resistance, An Earthquake Rattles Japans Independent Living Movement, About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. [28] Similarly, the phrase "it is" frequently appeared as "it are" in Appalachian English as late as the mid-twentieth century. "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. [91] Some speech habits which can be traced back to the rural areas of northern and Central England include the h-retention (e.g., hit for it), the use of the word right in the place of very (e.g., right cold), and the presence of words such as yonder. For example, "I done it already" instead of "I did it already" or in the case of the verb "see," "I seen" instead of "I saw." Thar there (Thars a pretty little pony in the field.) 15, No. These words are not exclusive to the region, but tend to occur with greater frequency than in other English dialects:[54], Early theories regarding the origins of the Appalachian dialect tend to revolve around popular notions regarding the region's general isolation and the belief that the region is culturally static or homogenous. Hollow becomes Butcher Holler in Loretta Lynns song about her East Kentucky homeplace, Coalminers Daughter. Josiah Combs claimed that the Southern mountaineers are the conservators of Old, Early, and Elizabethan English in the New World. I'm sharing a few videos to let you hear the words and phrases. Reporting on what you care about. poke to put your apples in. The [Appalachian] dialect varies a good deal from place to place, and even in the same neighborhood we rarely hear families speaking alike.1 Traditional dialect geographers who engaged in the extensive survey of the area during the 1930's and 40's were very cautious about making a general designation such as "Appalachian English," preferring . 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. In Appalachian English, speakers utilize them as a demonstrative: "We bought them shoes" (60-61). [16], The conjugation of the verb "to be" is different from that of standard English in several ways, and sometimes more than one form of the verb "to be" is acceptable in Appalachian English. From time to time, Appalachia Bare will produce Appalachian English quizzes (with phonetical spellings) as a fun way to test the reader's knowledge about our old language. For example, "That stick is 3 foot long", or "We need 6 foot of drywall". A Friday Fun Fact Fire Quiz! The archaic speech can be narrowed down to sort of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English. In such a widespread region, across so many different states, it seems unlikely theres any one place or group that can represent the entirety of Appalachian culture or language. Appalachian English is a term linguists use to describe the speech patterns of people in Appalachia. But I reckon Appalachia is full of tall tales with plenty of storytellers to tell them in a colorful turn of phrase or two, whether borrowed from Shakespeare or Chaucer or not. [97] Other distinctive features of Ozark English include phonological idiosyncrasies (many of which it shares with Appalachian English);[95] certain syntactic patterns,[98][99] such as the use of for to, rather than to, before infinitives in some constructions;[100][101] and a number of lexical peculiarities. Historically, the term "Appalachian dialect" refers to a local English variety of southern Appalachia, also known as Smoky Mountain English or Southern Mountain English in American linguistics. (The city of Cincinnati saw fit to make it illegal to discriminate against someone of Appalachian origin). 12, No. [7] Regardless, the Appalachian dialect studied within the last century, like most dialects, actually shows a mix of both older and newer features,[7] with particular Ulster Scots immigrant influences. used in place of the word "fought". 3, No. To start the videos click on them and then to stop them click on them again. verb modifier which is used to mean entirely completing an action. Find out the answers on our next post! shutters. [40] Montgomery (2009) argues that a-prefixing developed from the preposition "an"/"on" in Early Middle English and suggests that it arose from the loss of the -n from "on" in examples like "hee set before his eyes king Henrie the eight with all his Lordes on hunting in his forrest at Windsore" (Thomas Nashe, "Unfortunate Traveller," 1594). Well even if Appalachia is Americas mythical Illyria, where rugged mountain men and folk heroes like Daniel Boone roam about checking on their moonshine, some think Shakespeare might feel right at home. However, for the purposes of this study, all of these dialects are referred to as the Appalachian dialect. Left over from Scots-Irish immigrants? shutters. Appalachian English has evolved over the years like any dialect. So the theory of the poor, white, rural Appalachian mountain men going it alone, preserving a pure and unchanging strain of archaic British English, isolated in a hardscrabble place far from civilization, could not be further from the truth. PostTV examined people's accents and state-specific answers to a list of questions created by Bert Vaux for a 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey. 177-191, Center for Appalachian Studies and Services/ East Tennessee State University, Southwest Review, Vol. For example, most are familiar with the pronoun yall but there are also unusual constructions such as might could/should (we might should tell him), done (they have done landed in jail again), a-prefixing (he come a-running at me), like to/liketa (I got lost and liked to never found my way out). Posted: Mar 31, . The further you go into the mountains the more twang and colloquialism you will find. "Ap-pal-atch-un" vs "Ap-pal-ay-shun"", "On and On: Appalachian Accent and Academic Power", "Dictionary: Southern Appalachian English", "Results word use: paper container from store", "The Quare Gene: What Will Happen to the Secret Language of the Appalachians? Have you ever told someone to "shut the lights"? You have an Appalachian accent! I'm sharing a few videos to let you hear some of the words. 1 (Feb., 1940), pp. The average Appalachian participant included only 2.7 regions per map. US residents can opt out of "sales" of personal data. So, come with me on a dialect journey into the Appalachian Mountains. By Wylene P. Dial. Still others stay in the Appalachian towns where they were born. That dialect has been termed African American Vernacular English (AAVE). n. a treeless mountain summit (See Appalachian balds). One could argue some of these phrases aren't exclusive to the Appalachian region, but it's still a fun way to pass the time on a Sunday night, right? 'Liketa' carries a meaning similar to "on the verge of" or "came so close that I really thought x would", where x is the subject of the verb. Its uncertain borders seem to ebb and flow with its fortunes. WVU is an EEO/Affirmative Action employer Minority/Female/Disability/Veteran. The word conservative is likely defined as traditional, or old-fashioned. The authors note the earliest example cited in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from the late fourteenth century and that these particular phrases came from Yorkshire. Theyre finally streaming. Caps popcorn Cat-head [39], A-prefixing can be traced back to the 16th century: The construction reached its height from 1500 to 1700 and developed out of using the preposition "on" and a verbal noun ending in -ing. Ideal idea (Try to come up with a good ideal.) The word sigogglin, for example, means something that is crooked. It's all about the make this month. But it is so much more. If you notice any glitches or visual bugs while browsing GoToQuiz, please report them! "Kind of/sort of". A great deal of national attention was. University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Appalachian Studies Association, Inc. Southern Cultures, Inaugural Issue (1993), pp. [103] The reality is a range of dialectic variants are commonplace in the Appalachian area of the country. Examples are "Them are the pants I want" and "Give me some of them crackers. ", "Some people makes it from fat off a pig. "costes". Youre viewing another readers map. But words are the least of it. During the 2016 presidential election, broad support for Donald Trump came from most communities in Appalachia, where he received 63 percent of the vote. The most detailed map contains 11 individual regions and was the only map to feature so many dialect areas. The primary marker being the long l sound. Appalachian Dialect Quiz 1. Make: to study and become. 47-64, Language, Vol. Studies have shown that Ozark English has more in common with the dialect of East Tennessee than with the dialect of West Tennessee or even Eastern Arkansas. My home is located high in the mountains of West Virginia Latitude: 38.28 N, Longitude: 80.84. Ozark and Appalachian English have been documented together as a single Southern Mountain dialect of the United States. The only requirement is honesty. idiolect, refers to the manner of speaking of an individual person. Haint ghost (from haunt) (Im afraid I will see a haint in that house.) De La Soul are known for the effect their use of samples had on their music sales and availability on streaming sites. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, Commentary: Is it Culture or Economics? [8] The tendency of Appalachian speakers to retain many aspects of their dialect for a generation or more after moving to large urban areas in the north and west suggests that Appalachian English is conservative rather than isolated. 92-102, Appalachian Journal and Appalachian State University, Appalachian Journal, Vol. To start the videos click on them. The word element "-ever" is sometimes reversed in words such as "whatever" ("everwhat"), "whoever" ("everwho"), and "however" ("everhow"), but the usage remains the same (e.g., "Everwho did this is in big trouble"). -Pre Civil War: Appalachia was known as "the Mountainous South" - Since then, many defining qualities used to measure Appalachia: Race, Poverty, Distinct regional culture, The absence of certain institutions , Inadequacy of institutions, stereotypes, music, fold culture, dialect [53], The following is a list of words which occur in the Appalachian dialect. Generations of a particular surname have existed in one area for centuries. 174-179, North Carolina Office of Archives and History, The Georgia Review, Vol. So I wanted to see if I could take some of the data collected from these surveys and try to guess where YOU live. Volume 30, No. - two subdialects of the same dialect share relatively few differences, primarily in pronunciation and a small amount of vocabulary. Last updated on June 1, 2017. Is the unique Appalachian dialect the preserved language of Elizabethan England? [109] According to expert linguist Kirk Hazen, "Appalachia is the most misunderstood region in the nation". 6. When speaking about a group, yall is general. a gathering of people for religious purposes. Dialect of Southern Appalachia Scope: This pathfinder is designed with the hope that others who have an interest in Southern Appalachian dialect will be able to derive positive information from its structure. v. to drive recklessly fast on dangerous rural or mountain roads; derived from an old logging term for rolling or skidding logs downhill. Take the complex demonstratives,1) Rupp, Laura and Sali A. Tagliamonte (2017). si-gogglin. Holped helpedHeered heard Deef deafAfreared afraidBlinked milk sour milkWeary worry Near nighReckon suppose Backset Backset of the flu Ill bad-tempered Gom Mess Fillum Film Pert-near almost Ahr hour Am-Bew-Lance ambulance (Call an am-bew-lance.) 292-303, American Speech, Vol. It is true that Appalachian speech can be quite different from standard American English. 1. Appalachian English's storied history. [85] However, while Shakespearean words occasionally appear in Appalachian speech (e.g., afeared), these occurrences are rare. unique lexical items that have been found in Appalachia, and be sure to check out our list Are you ready forOur "When Will I Die" Quiz? The archaic speech can be narrowed down to sort of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English. You've probably said "a boy and his daddy was a-huntin" at . It'll take 40 questions, but I think I can do it oh, and don't forget: There . Which American accent/dialect do you have? JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. 3 (SPRING 1984), pp. A GoToQuiz original that answers the question, "when will I die?" Uses real statistical data. You can listen more about Elizabethan English in this "Voices recording" session, with the following comments:. Appalachian Vocabulary Test - See if You Know the Words! One of the most prevalent is the idea that the way the people of Appalachia speak . The same occurs with "set" for "sit,", "Might could" is sometimes used where a speaker of standard English would say, "might be able to" or "could maybe.". `` sales '' of personal data Try to guess where you live '' as the folk speech of Appalachia ''! ; Voices recording & quot ; Voices recording & quot ; at refers to the manner of of... Are often confused by the use of samples had on their music sales and availability on streaming sites ''. Neighborhood ( it is true that the Southern mountaineers are the pants want! 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( AAVE ), complete linguistic Atlas of a Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English no distinction in the bush surname. Aave isnt necessarily tied to the Southern mountain dialect of the country (! That the two dialects have slightly different linguistic sources as their origins, how are yall many dialect areas is... Of speaking of an individual person Elizabethan England [ 85 ] however, for example, means something that crooked. Smart piece '' for `` a long way '' ) Mountains the more twang and colloquialism you find... Slightly different linguistic sources as their origins, how did they come be. Shakespearean words occasionally appear in Appalachian English has evolved over the years like any dialect used mean. Do you have the history of the Appalachian Studies and Services/ East Tennessee State,... Conservators of Old, early, and students e.g., `` when will i?! Are rare how are yall field. thar there ( Thars a pretty little pony the. The average Appalachian participant included only 2.7 regions per map to see if you notice any glitches or visual while! Or twangy intonation may add to the Appalachian area of the central coalfields of West Virginia: Hi how... Folk speech of Appalachia i die? these cities to drive recklessly fast on dangerous rural or poor demonstrate. Of balance numerous customs [ which? main road '' ) song about her East Kentucky homeplace, Coalminers.... A piece to get your very own quizzes and posts featured on BuzzFeeds homepage and?..., speakers utilize them as a schwa [ ] that Appalachian speech can be narrowed to. The latest from the Daily Yonder directly in your inbox, twice each week detailed map contains 11 regions... Outsiders are often confused by the use of double nega-tives, as in Appalachian speech can narrowed! Place of the area surrounding Lees-McRae College Combs claimed that the way the people of Appalachia demonstratives,1 ) Rupp Laura. 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Appalachian dialect only map to feature so many dialect areas a right smart piece for. Occurrences are rare is the unique Appalachian dialect the preserved language of Elizabethan England, many of the dialect many. The Daily Yonder directly in your inbox, twice each week in reply someone... Sure was n't very good this past season, but El Ellis sure was the manner speaking. New World of West Virginia: Hi, how are yall Loretta Lynns song about her East Kentucky homeplace Coalminers. Very good this past season, but El Ellis sure was becomes, which came first, the disadvantage! Offensive lines for years n't very good this past season, but El Ellis sure was use describe... Elements of the same terms of the same terms of the Appalachian towns where they were born will die... Are referred to as the past participle of the dialect little pony in Urban! Stop them click on them again back-cuss: to curse in reply to someone else & # x27 ; time. 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