Molecules 24, 203. doi: 10.3390/molecules24010203, Calvo, A. M., Wilson, R. A., Bok, J. W., and Keller, N. P. (2002). In the search for secondary metabolisms, analytical methods must be determined to use for the detection of the compounds (Scherlach and Hertweck, 2009; Tarkka et al., 2009; Palazzotto and Weber, 2018; Manish and Yogesh, 2019). Mycol. Rev. Synonyms include Cladina rangiferina and Lichen rangiferinus. Lichen is a stable community in the ecosystem of the Earth's biosphere, which is composed of a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae or between fungi and cyanobacteria (Figure 1). 4, eaar5459. Anyway, there would be a long way to go on well balancing this current conflict. A., Jung, J. S., Koh, Y. J., and Hur, J. S. (2009). Phytochem. The study of temperature by Hamada in LFF and lichen thallus of Ramalina siliquosa examined changing of polyketides, that is, the quantity of depside produced by LFF of Ramalina siliquosa was the highest at optimal culture conditions (Hamada, 1989), on the contrary, depsidone was increased in R. siliquosa thallus (Hamada, 1981). Very small changes in the cultivation parameters, such as culture medium composition, pH, temperature of growth, salinity, aeration, and even the shape of culture vessel used, can completely alter, induce, or optimize the physiology of a microbial strain and in turn significantly affect the biosynthesis of such metabolites (Bode et al., 2002). The level of 90Sr and especially that of 137Cs has decreased slowly after 1965 when the annual deposition of radioactive fallout has been only a few percent compared with the total amount accumulated in lichens. Pharm. (2011) identified a likely orcinol decided PKS and other pathway genes in its metabolic cluster, and it was the first genetic evidence for a complete depside/depsidone biosynthetic pathway. Microbiol. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The grazing effect was highlighted in an experiment in northern Finland where the number of Scots pine seedlings was double in an ungrazed (fenced) area compared to the grazed one (Lappalainen, 2010). Cladina rangiferina, Cetraria islandica, Evernia prunastri were processed into the ingredients of a special bread, which used in times of food shortages in the Czech Republic, Norway, Iceland, and Estonia ( Airaksinen et al., 1986a, Pawera et al., 2017 ). Grube made a point of view that microbial symbioses have a high potential leading to a wide variety of unique structures and metabolic activities (Grube and Berg, 2009). reindeer lichen, (Cladonia rangiferina), also called reindeer moss, a fruticose (bushy, branched) lichen found in great abundance in Arctic lands. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001, Aubert, S., Juge, C., Boisson, A. M., Gout, E., and Bligny, R. (2007). Emerging diversity in polyketide synthase. An integrated approach utilizing genomics and metabolomics is needed to study the lichen complex systems. (2002). Contam. Targeted genome mining reveals the psychrophilic clostridium estertheticum complex as a potential source for novel bacteriocins, including cesin A and estercticin A. RSC Adv. A1B 4J6, Honourable Derrick Bragg These reproductive stages are hidden in the liehen cushion by an game exclusion, artificial dispersal) in the future. The 90Sr content of Parmelia conspersa was, in 1962 and 1963, 10 and 19 nCi/kg dry weight, respectively. Prospecting for new bacterial metabolites_ a glossary of approaches for inducing, activating and upregulating the biosynthesis of bacterial cryptic or silent Natural Products. Robert Lcking, Matthew P. Nelsen, in Transformative Paleobotany, 2018. Biol. PLoS ONE 8, e76929. : antimicrobial potential, bioactive compounds, ethnopharmacological uses and other pharmacological properties; a review article. Nucleic Acids Res. 70, 14871491. To summarize, the competition of ground vegetation also determines conditions for young pine trees. 2). Caribou are also an important food source for Canadians, in particular native communities throughout the north. doi: 10.1016/j.bjp.2017.07.006, Miyagawa, H., Hamada, N., and Tamio Ueno, M. S. (1993). Planta Med. Bakor, in South African Journal of Botany, 2019. In silico prediction of type I PKS gene modules in nine lichenized fungi. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00077, Kalra, R., Conlan, X. Species detected in the subfossil record include common macrolichens, such as Cetraria ericetorum, Cetraria islandica, Cladonia deformis, Cladonia rangiferina, Peltigera aphthosa, Peltigera canina, Ramalina fraxinea, and Umbilicaria cylindrica, but also the microlichens Arthonia atra, Graphis scripta, and Polyblastia (Lindsay, 1879; Sernander, 1918; Romans etal., 1966; Kuc, 1974; Van der Knaap etal., 1989; DePriest etal., 2000). Anal. Anticancer Drugs 17, 11631169. Microbiol. Abdelwahab, M. F., Kurtn, T., Mndi, A., Mller, W. E. G., Fouad, M. A., Kamel, M. S., et al. Jeong, M. H., Park, C. H., Kim, J. doi: 10.1007/s13197-012-0785-x, Garima, S., Anjuli, C., Dominik, M., Henrique, V., Jrgen, O., Imke, S., et al. Newman, D. J., and Cragg, G. M. (2012). Prod. Many studies have supported the potentiality of different lichen species to produce unique natural compounds with different physicochemical and biological activities (Hamida et al., 2021). 89, 1828. Folia Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.12.005, Posner, B., Feige, G. B., and Huneck, S. (1991). (2022). 7). We have, however, virtually no direct measurements of life cycles, only guesses and extrapolations from indirect or very short-term studies. However, there is an inevitable problem existing in this process, that is, what is the relationship between more lichen products and the valuable bioactivity of these products because lichen secondary metabolism mainly originates from the fungal partner, i.e., LFF, but is produced when the organisms are in symbiotic association (Moreira et al., 2015). 83, 468474. Anti-cancer activity of lobaric acid and lobarstin extracted from the Antarctic lichen Stereocaulon alpnum. Whereas the mean number of trees >9cm at breast height in >100year old dense spruce-moss forests is 10001050 stems ha1 (based on a survey of 94 stands, Quebec Government Forest Surveys, 2013), the mean is only 560 stems ha1 in LWs >100year old (based on a survey of 125 stands, Quebec Government Forest Surveys, 2013). in LW benefit from P uptake even from P-depleted soils through endomycorrhizal associations (Crawford, 1989). A combination of OSMAC, molecular network, and genome mining-based strategies will be greatly helpful to predict the biosynthesis and accumulation of specific natural products, discover numerous novel secondary metabolites with a range of attractive bioactivities, and pursue the establishment and maintenance of the lichen symbiosis. As the first PKS gene from Solorina crocea LFF, PyrG encoding decarboxylase was functionally expressed under its own promoter in A. nidulans (Sinnemann et al., 2000). Adv. Acad. To facilitate the lichen chemistry, an open-access MS/MS-based library with 250 metabolites known as the Lichen DataBase (LDB) was published by OlivierJimenez team. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01111-21. Prostaglandins Leukot. Prod. While no endemic species are exclusive to the LW ecosystem, a few arctic-alpine species currently grow in the northernmost exposed LWs at the Arctic treeline. They are capable of absorbing water to 100300% of their dry weight at saturation. doi: 10.1039/c3np70064j, Nishanth, K. S., Sreerag, R. S., Deepa, I., Mohandas, C., and Nambisan, B. WebLichen can survive for long periods of time without water. Curr. Although the determinations were made with different species of Cladonia, they can be regarded as comparable because investigations of the samples collected at the same location show no significant difference between 137Cs contents of the most commonly analyzed Cladonia species, i.e., Cladonia alpestris, Cladonia rangiferina, and Cladonia sylvatica (Kreuzer and Schauer, 1971). Cladonia rangiferina is a known host to the lichenicolous fungus species Lichenopeltella rangiferinae, which is named after C.rangiferina, Lichenoconium pyxidatae and Lichenopeltella uncialicola. Food Chem. However, fires have a minimal and short-lived effect on soil nutrient status (Moore, 1980, 1984) compared to the pronounced nutrient flush in other ecosystems. The lichen is used as a traditional remedy for removal of kidney stones by the Monpa in the alpine regions of the West Kameng district of Eastern Himalaya. Carbon nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory. For example, in the British Duchy of Cornwall it is protected under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 48, 454458. It lacks a well-defined cortex (a protective layer covering the thallus, analogous to the epidermis in plants), but rather, a loose layer of hyphae cover the photobionts. A., Sorensen, J. L., Weihrauch, D., and Piercey-Normore, M. D. (2013). Top. Studies on lichen substances. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.084, Lagarde, A., Mambu, L., Mai, P. Y., Champavier, Y., Stigliani, J. L., Beniddir, M. A., et al. 33, 15821614. Dayan, F. E., and Romagni, J. G. (2001). Phytomedicine 9, 654658. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180994, Erken, M. T., Cansaran-Duman, D., and Tanman, U. Stictic acid inhibits cell growth of human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells. Table 2. BioChem. Bioorg. Summer in the taiga. For example, in the British Duchy of Cornwall it is protected under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches in symbiont analysis: in Proteobacteria, in Microbial Symbionts: Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host, ed D. Dharumadurai (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 743763. Metabolomic analysis of the lichen Everniopsis trulla using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-OT-MS). Arch. Equip. Rop. doi: 10.1002/pca.2532, Pejin, B., Iodice, C., Bogdanovi, G., Koji, V., and Teevi, V. (2017). J. Res. For example, 12 PKS genes have been identified in Cladonia grayi (Shukla et al., 2010). Analysis of secondary metabolites from lichen by high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) visualizes the production, location, and distribution of metabolites, which is newly used in lichens to visualize the accumulation of various polyketides such as parietin, physodic acid, atranorin, and pinastric acid in different tissues of the lichen and localize the phenolic compounds (Gadea et al., 2020). A candidate gene cluster for the bioactive natural product gyrophoric acid in lichen-forming fungi. Fungal Biol. Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data for 1978, from Muskoka A, Meteorological Station. Other Newfoundland herds have approximately 11% of females with antlers. Taiga Plant Growing Conditions The growing conditions in the taiga are far from ideal for any plant. (2017). N-fixing lichens are said to improve the nutrient status of young and mature trees (Crittenden, 1983). 12, 229244. Fungi 7, 291. doi: 10.3390/jof7040291, Hannigan, G. D., Prihoda, D., Palicka, A., Soukup, J., Klempir, O., Rampula, L., et al. Genetic regulation study of lichen or LFF secondary metabolism is at an early stage, and as time passes and technology advances, more and more research will be covered in this field (Valarmathi et al., 2009; Calchera et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2021). Height of about (3.5 4 ft)(1.05 1.2 m). The mechanisms of bioactivity of usnic acid modify the structures of proteins causing irreversible changes and may even produce apoptosis. Interaction between lichen secondary metabolites and antibiotics against clinical isolates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Molecules 12, 9971005. doi: 10.1111/ele.13930, Seo, C., Sohn, J. H., Ahn, J. S., Yim, J. H., Lee, H. K., and Oh, H. (2009). The caribous range extends from the boreal forests of Newfoundland to British Columbia. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx320, Stocker-Wrgtter, E. (2008). reindeer moss, reindeer lichen, arctic moss, Cladonia rangiferinanoun, an erect greyish branching lichen of Arctic and even some north temperate regions constituting the chief food for reindeer and caribou and sometimes being eaten by humans. In 1968 the 137Cs content was 230 nCi/kg dry weight. Lichens are poikilohydric organisms, their water status being at equilibrium with that of the atmosphere as they passively follow the variations of atmospheric humidity. Rev. Hamida, R. S., Ali, M. A., Abdelmeguid, N. E., Al-Zaban, M. I., Baz, L., and Bin-Meferij, M. M. (2021). They mainly thrive in hot and cold climates with low moisture content and open areas. doi: 10.1007/s11427-011-4164-z, Zhao, Y. S., Wang, M. F., and Xu, B. J. Other common names include reindeer moss and caribou moss. Similar to Sphagnum mosses, the growth habit of mat-forming lichens is unusual, as the secondary thallus grows vertically, whereas the podetial base dies, accumulates and decays rapidly (Sveinbjrnsson, 1987; Boudreau and Payette, 2004a). -Hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ) from Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis: structure determination, enzymatic characterization, and cross-Inhibition studies. (2017). Bioactivity of secondary metabolites and thallus extracts from lichen fungi. J. Nat. doi: 10.3390/molecules20058952. (1994). B 120, 1728. Microbiol. Functional characterization, sequence comparisons and distribution of a polyketide synthase gene required for perithecial pigmentation in some Food Addit. Found primarily in areas of alpine tundra, it is extremely cold-hardy. Weak inhibitory activity against Suillus bovinus was only reported for water extracts and extracts of humus from Cladonia stellaris and C. arbuscula. 1780: taxonomy/phylogenetic: Steijlen et al. A., Louwhoff, S. H., et al. The analysis of genome sequence revealed that there exist silent biosynthetic gene clusters, which are usually not expressed until being activated, leading to the discovery of lichen compounds much inadequate. Webreproductive life style, which may contribute to paraphyly and success of these two species. They just dry out and go dormant when there is little water or light. The two sites where reindeer grazing was excluded, were covered with C. rangiferina (Ktksuvanto and Raja-Jooseppi), and the third site included the edge of the highway without a lichen cover in the same Raja-Jooseppi site. doi: 10.1039/c0an00533a, Lin, Z., and Qu, X. D. (2022). Fungi 8, 449. doi: 10.3390/jof8050449. 3, 154155. However, each strategy has its own limitations, and no strategy could be universal for all strains. The 137Cs content was 150 nCi/kg dry weight in 1962. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.034, Claudia, C., Xavier, B., Jabrane, A, Katy, V., Daniel, G., Patrick, L., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014, de Vera, J. P., Horneck, G., Rettberg, P., and Ott, S. (2003). (2012). Intl. To improve the production of a wider range of natural products from a microorganism, different culturing conditions are generally used. Nat. Effects of lichen homogenates, mixtures of extracted substances and secondary metabolites on macromycetes a critical review, Lichens affect boreal forest ecology and plant metabolism, Tamm review: The North-American lichen woodland, Auclair, 1985; Girard et al., 2011; Ct et al., 2014, Sveinbjrnsson, 1987; Boudreau and Payette, 2004a. Genome mining has become a powerful tool to discover compounds, identify cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters, characterize the potential biosynthetic pathways, and predict the skeletal structure of the relative products (Liu Q. et al., 2022; Liu T. et al., 2022; Kalra et al., 2023). Comparing these results to the cumulative amount of 137Cs deposited per the same area unit, they found that lichens have a very high efficiency for the retention of fallout 137Cs. Rev. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the acetone extract of the lichen Ramalina farinacea and its (+)-usnic acid, norstictic acid, and protocetraric acid constituents. Ther. Phytother. By comparison, colonies grown on MEYE and MY10 with a gradually dry treatment did not synthesize any lichen secondary metabolite of polyketides but primary triacylglycerides and fatty acids as the major metabolites (Fazio et al., 2009). WebCladonia rangiferina, or reindeer lichen (scientific name: Cladonia rangiferina) is a lichen belonging to the family Cladoniaceae, which is mainly found in the tundra. Reindeer lichen, like many lichens, is slow growing (311 mm per year) and may take decades to return once overgrazed, burned, trampled, or otherwise damaged. Food Funct. At the same time, DNA sequence data have revealed that the number of encoded biosynthetic gene clusters in a lichen is much higher than in natural products, and the majority of them are silent or poorly expressed. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.07.010, Zahroh, E. W., Ningsih, F., and Sjamsuridzal, W. (2022). (2019). In addition, seedlings growing in feather moss mat showed higher mortality caused by allelopathic agents, influencing moisture and nutrient availability. NMR reassignment of stictic acid isolated from a Sumatran lichen Stereocaulon montagneanum (Stereocaulaceae) with superoxide anion scavenging activities. Fungal Genet. For smaller intervals of weeks or months a better way of expressing growth is probably millimeters per day (Hale, 1970) (see Fig. Thus, the term lichen-forming fungi (LFF) refer to the fungi that live in lichen thallus throughout the entire life cycle by establishing a co-benefit symbiotic relationship without causing any adverse effect and are different from those endolichenic fungi (Muggia et al., 2009). 23, 161166. Lichen secondary metabolites inhibit the wnt/beta-catenin pathway in glioblastoma cells and improve the anticancer effects of temozolomide. Biochemistry 55, 10911099. Cladonia rangiferina, also known as reindeer cup lichen,[2] reindeer lichen (cf. Bioorg. In this connection (and as will be discussed more fully below), we should remember that growth rate may vary over the life span of a lichen, being as a rule significantly slower in early juvenile and senile stages and most rapid in the middle (maturing) stages. (2006). Bioactive lichen metabolites: alpine habitats as an untapped source. This means that seedlings are primarily established in the environment dominated by lichens and during their development, other species become more abundant. Temperature is another important factor influencing LFF cultivation and chemical diversity in secondary metabolism. against three RNA viruses. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.007, Verma, N., Behera, B. C., and Joshi, A. From Muskoka a, Meteorological Station 2012 ) lichen Stereocaulon alpnum forests Newfoundland... The environment dominated by lichens and during their development, other species become more abundant extends from the forests... 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( 2022 ) 2 ] reindeer lichen ( cf, 1989 ) protected!, seedlings growing in feather moss mat showed higher mortality caused by allelopathic agents, influencing moisture and availability... Temperature and Precipitation Data for 1978, from Muskoka a, Meteorological Station P. Nelsen in!